The topics covered include the hardware/software structure of the Internet (e.g., server-client model, TCP/IP protocol), the evolution of Web GIS, and most importantly, different technology options. Students will be required to practice almost all of the Web GIS tools including ArcGIS Server, JavaScript API, Leaflet, OpenLayers, GeoJSON, and Google Earth Engine. Students will also be exposed to the experience of working with the cloud environment such as Azure and ArcGIS Online.